Trade and contracts
All articles about trade and contracts.
Trade and contractsCIF contract in agri trade: meaning and Incoterms CIF vs FOBWhat a CIF contract means in agri bulk: where risk, cost and title pass, Incoterms CIF vs FOB, who pays for inspection and why a GAFTA or FOSFA form governs.8 minTrade and contractsBill of lading types: straight, order, bearer and switch B/LThe main bill of lading types explained: straight, order, bearer and the switch B/L used in commodity trade, what each does, and the risks that follow.5 minTrade and contractsCharter party basics for agri cargoes and the survey clausesVoyage charter versus time charter in short, and the voyage charter clauses that touch a survey on grain and oilseed cargoes, with the standard forms used.4 minTrade and contractsEdible oil refining: from crude to refined oil, step by stepHow edible oil refining turns crude into refined oil: degumming, neutralisation, bleaching, winterisation, deodorisation, and what the lab tests at each step.6 minTrade and contractsHow to become a GAFTA approved superintendent, plus FOSFAWhat Gafta requires of an approved superintendent, the ISO 17020 and Gafta Standard routes, the start-up window, and how FOSFA and NOFOTA recognition differ.8 minTrade and contractsLetter of credit and the inspection certificate: bank checksWhat a bank checks in a documentary credit, why the inspection certificate is a required document, how UCP 600 treats it, and how to avoid a discrepancy.6 minTrade and contractsLetter of indemnity in shipping: when it is used, the risksWhen a letter of indemnity is issued in shipping, what it does and does not cover, why P&I cover is usually prejudiced, and how the IG standard wordings work.5 minTrade and contractsMate's receipt vs bill of lading: remarks, clausing and riskWhat a mate's receipt is, who signs it, how its remarks carry over to the bill of lading, and why a clean bill against a claused receipt is a problem.5 minTrade and contractsNotice of readiness, laytime and demurrage: how they connectA valid notice of readiness starts laytime, laytime is counted under the charter party terms, and demurrage follows when it runs out. How the SOF backs a claim.5 minTrade and contractsPhysical agri commodity trading: from contract to paymentHow a physical agri commodity cargo moves from contract to payment: GAFTA or FOSFA form, nominations, inspection, documents, letter of credit and arbitration.4 minTrade and contractsCargo claims in bulk shipping: shortage and qualityCargo claims in bulk shipping: shortage versus quality, who claims against whom, evidence, notice periods, and what marine cargo insurance pays.9 minTrade and contractsFOSFA 54 explained: the CIF vegetable and marine oil formFOSFA 54 is the CIF contract for vegetable and marine oil. What the form covers, how it sits next to 53, 80, 81 and 22, and why the number matters.5 minTrade and contractsFOSFA banned list and acceptable previous cargoes explainedHow the FOSFA banned list and the acceptable previous cargoes list work, how EU Regulation 579/2014 and Codex fit around them, and what a surveyor checks.6 minTrade and contractsGAFTA arbitration and FOSFA: steps, time limits, appealsHow GAFTA arbitration and FOSFA arbitration work: which rules apply, the steps to an award and an appeal, the time limits that bar claims, and enforcement.6 minTrade and contractsGAFTA contract numbers explained: 100, 125, 88 and moreWhat GAFTA contract numbers mean: the goods, delivery terms and origin behind 100, 38, 48, 49 and 88, why 125 is a rule set, and which edition applies.5 minTrade and contractsSampling rules in agri trade: GAFTA 124, FOSFA and ISOHow GAFTA 124 and the FOSFA sampling methods govern sampling in agri trade, where ISO 5555 and ISO 24333 fit in, and why the sample decides the dispute.6 minTrade and contractsWhat is FOSFA? Contracts, arbitration and cargo listsFOSFA issues the standard contracts for oils, seeds and fats, runs arbitration in London and keeps the previous cargo lists. What each part means in practice.6 minTrade and contractsWhat is GAFTA? Contracts, sampling and arbitration rulesGAFTA sets the standard contracts, sampling rules, approved registers and arbitration used in the international trade in grain and animal feedingstuffs.6 minTrade and contractsWhat is GMP+? Certification, audits and the databaseGMP+ explained: the Feed Certification scheme, the FSA and FRA modules, how an audit and certificate work, and why buyers check the company database.6 minTrade and contractsWhat is NIOP? US oilseed trading rules and arbitrationNIOP is a US trade association for vegetable oils and oilseeds. What its 2025 Trading Rules, prior cargo lists and arbitration mean next to FOSFA and NOFOTA.5 minTrade and contractsWhat is NOFOTA? Trading Rules and Arbitration ExplainedNOFOTA is the Dutch oils, fats and oilseeds trade body. This guide explains its Trading Rules, Dutch law and Rotterdam arbitration for foreign traders.6 min